Canadian Health Information Management Association Practice Exam

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What does a decreasing p-value in a study indicate as it approaches 0?

Changes in results are due to decrease in sampling error.
Changes in results are due to increase in sampling error.
Size of sample is increasing.
Value of study is decreasing.

The correct answer is: Changes in results are due to decrease in sampling error.

A decreasing p-value indicates that the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis is increasing. As the p-value approaches 0, it suggests that the likelihood of observing the data, or something more extreme, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true is becoming very low. This typically reflects a reduction in sampling error and an increase in the robustness of the findings, meaning that the observed results are less likely to be due to random chance. In the context of statistical hypothesis testing, a smaller p-value typically signifies that there is a significant effect or difference being observed in the study. Researchers often aim for a p-value below a predefined threshold (commonly 0.05) to reject the null hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis.